elk

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Evaluating Bottom-Up and Top-Down Effects on Elk Survival and Recruitment: A Case Study in the Bitterroot Valley

Understanding the contribution of recruitment rates to overall growth rate in ungulate populations is a fundamental challenge in...

Good Animals in Bad Places: Evaluating Landscape Attributes Associated with Elk Vulnerability to Wolf Predation

Vulnerability of prey to predators is heavily influenced by their respective physical and behavioral characteristics; however th...

Evaluating Aspen Responses to Changes in Elk Abundance, Distribution and Behavior Following Wolf Reestablishment in West-Central Yellowstone National Park

The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park created a unique “natural experiment” to study trophic interaction...